The Republic Essay - 1514 Words

The Republic Plato was born around the year 428 BCE into an established Athenian household with a history of political connections -- including distant relations to both Solon and Pisistratus. Platos parents were Ariston and Perictone, his older brothers were Adeimantus and Glaucon, and his younger sister was Potone. In keeping with his family heritage, Plato was destined for the political life. But the Peloponnesian War, which began a couple of years before he was born and continued until well after he was twenty, led to the decline of the Athenian Empire. The war was followed by religious movement that led to the execution of Platos mentor, Socrates. Together these events forever altered the course of Platos life. Plato†¦show more content†¦Two of Platos relatives, Critias (his mothers uncle) and Charmides (his mothers brother) played roles in politics. Critias was identified as one of the more extreme members and chief advocate of the government, while Charmides played a smaller role as one of the Eleven, a customs/police force which oversaw the Piraeus. The government made a practice of confiscating the estates of wealthy Athenians and resident aliens and of putting many individuals to death. In an effort to implicate Socrates in their actions, the government ordered him to arrest Leon of Salamis. Socrates, however, resisted and was spared punishment only because a civil war eventually replaced the corrupt government with a new and most radical democracy. A general amnesty, the first in history, was issued absolving those who participated in the reign of terror and other crimes committed during the war. But because many of Socrates associates were involved with the corrupt government, public sentiment had turned against him, and he now had the reputation of being anti-democratic. In what appears to be a matter of guilt-by-association, a general prejudice was ultimately responsible for bringing Socrates to trial in 399 on the charges of corrupting the youth, introducing new gods into the city, atheism, and engaging in unusual religious practices. During his trial,Show MoreRelatedThe Republic Of Plato s Republic865 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernments, ideal cities and even ideal rulers over the course of the semester, from Aristotle’s Politics to the city described in the Melian dialogue, there is one that undoubtedly left a greater on me than the other- the city described in Plato’s Republic. From Plato’s remarkably feminist ideals and vague sense of barebones socialism, there’s a lot in this city that I hypothetically would throw my support behind. This is not to say that I think that this is the â€Å"best† option of the cities that weRead MoreThe Republic Of Haiti Versus The French Republic1963 Words   |  8 PagesKamal Mo hamed, Sanford H. 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Graphic Warnings as a Crucial Way of Passing Medication Information to Essay

Essays on Graphic Warnings as a Crucial Way of Passing Medication Information to Consumers Essay The paper "Graphic Warnings as a Crucial Way of Passing Medication Information to Consumers" is an outstanding example of an essay on medical science.  It is important for drug manufacturers to include graphic warnings in their advertisements because some drugs have got special problems, especially the ones that may cause serious injury or even death. Such drugs with boxed warnings usually have a brief summary which basically is a technical name for the comprehensive information which appears in advertisements for most prescription drugs. It is also a requirement by the law that advertisements for most prescription drugs be printed or made known to the customers so as to alert them of any risks associated with the taking of such drugs. The brief summary ought to include guidelines on individuals who are not supposed to take the drug, times when the drug should not be taken, any serious, potential drug side effects ,if known, as well as measures that can be taken to minimise the pos sibility of having them and finally constantly occurring, though not essentially severe side effects. The other reasons include drugs that interact negatively with other drugs that should be indicated together with low health literacy amongst patients; which basically involves struggling with understanding as well as acting on health information(Shinyabola, et al,2014). Graphic warnings are a crucial way of passing medication information to consumers, as long as patients can easily comprehend them. In addition to using graphic warnings while doing drug adverts, health caregivers should offer guidance to underserved people on medication warnings; particularly persons with low health literacy and currently not on prescription medication. Generally, these endeavors benefit consumers a great deal.

Economics Market Advantage

Questions: 1. You are the only supplier of a product and you are seeking to increase your revenue. Under what conditions would you (a) take the decision to lower the price of your product or (b) take the decision to raise the price of your product in order to achieve your goal of increased revenue.2.A country that can produce all goods more efficiently than any other country has no need to engage in trade. Discuss. Answers: 1. A single supplier will employ the price discrimination with an aim of acquiring market advantage. Decreasing the price upsurges demand but downscale supply whereas upscaling the prices decrease the demand. Increasing price, nevertheless, will hike supply on the basis of economic forces of demand and supply. Consequently, in case a single supplier wishes to hike the demand for a product, she might downscale the price to discriminatively charge dissimilar price say on the basis of persons, locations and usage of a product (Ricci, 1999). Conversely, the single supplier will hike the price by providing fewer of the product but still get hiked revenue as a result of the high prices charged. An example in which price personal discrimination is applied is whereby the seller charges different price for the same product to individuals with dissimilar degree of wealth endowment. The single seller will downscale the price for individual perceived as underprivileged. In so doing, the single supplier will sell more product at lower price (Weder, 2015). However, the single supplier will hike the price to the wealthier individuals and still achieve hiked revenue goal. 2. An economy is well placed to specialize in the production of a product it can efficiently produce and trade to get other goods. Economies have fluctuating levels of natural, human, and capital resources. They also have different strategies of resources combination in production of goods and services. In a nutshell, economies are never equally efficient at the production of products required by their respective residents (Brecher, Chen Choudhri, 2002). There is constantly an opportunity committed to every decision a country makes to produce a good. It explains that amount of alternative good forgone. Given a choice of producing one product or another, specialization holds that a nation is more efficient to produce that product with the downscale opportunity cost. The country should produce that product to trade for the commodity with the greater opportunity cost. In case an economy can produce more of product with the same resources that another economy can, it is said to have an absolute advantage in the production of that specific product. Conversely, where the second nation has absolute advantage in the production of a product which the first economy wishes to import, the two economies will be both better placed specializing and trading. Trade remains advantageous to both economies even when one enjoys absolute advantage in producing both products for trade (Bain, 2011). Given any two products, an economy has a comparative advantage in the good that has inferior opportunity cost. The two economies need to ensure that the terms of trade are designed in a manner that both economies decrease the opportunity cost of the commodities being drawn from the exchange. References Bain, J. S. (2011). A note on pricing in monopoly and oligopoly. The American Economic Review, 448-464. Brecher, R. A., Chen, Z., Choudhri, E. U. (2002). Absolute and comparative advantage, reconsidered: the pattern of international trade with optimal saving. Review of International Economics, 10(4), 645-656. Ricci, L. A. (1999). Economic geography and comparative advantage:: Agglomeration versus specialization. European Economic Review, 43(2), 357-377. Weder, R. (2015). Linking Absolute and Comparative Advantage to Intra?Industry Trade Theory. Review of International Economics, 3(3), pp.342-354.

The four stage nursing process assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation Essay Example

The four stage nursing process assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation Paper This assignment is a client-focused study based on the four stage nursing process- assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation. After a brief introduction to the client and clinical setting I shall provide evidence of a comprehensive mental health assessment, discussing both the formal and informal techniques employed. Through this assessment and in collaboration with the client a specific need was identified and highlighted for intervention. After justifying my choice of intervention, based on the current evidence available, I shall move on to the application of the intervention itself, paying particular emphasis to the skills needed by the nurse for an effective working. The principle area covered by this assignment is the use and efficacy of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) when applied to the positive symptoms of psychosis. In particular I shall be concentrating on coping strategies aimed at reducing the negative impact that some of the clients auditory hallucinations created. Finally I shall evaluate the intervention discussing whether it was efficacious or not. Throughout the assignment I have placed particular emphasis on collaborative working with the client, and have as far as possible attempted to respect and incorporate their views and opinions. Confidentiality has been maintained at all times in deference to the NMC Code of Professional Conduct (2002). The Client The client is a forty-two year old male with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. We will write a custom essay sample on The four stage nursing process assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The four stage nursing process assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The four stage nursing process assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Schizophrenia is a condition characterised by both positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganised speech/thought, and grossly disorganised behaviour. Negative symptoms include affective flattening, alogia and avolition (Fortinash Holoday Worret 2003). The DSM IV Diagnostic criteria for Schizophrenia states that two (or more) of the above must be present for a significant period of time during a one month period for a diagnosis to be made. The client under study experiences auditory hallucinations, hearing both benevolent and malevolent voices at differing times, and possesses little insight into the nature of his condition, Im not ill its just chemicals in my brain. As a consequence his compliance with taking his medication is poor. His current admission is due to an increase in symptomology caused principally by a reduction in the effectiveness of his prescribed medication. As a result he has been started on a regime of the anti-psychotic drug Clozapine. The client has been known to local services for around six years when he was forced to leave his job due to the increasing severity of his illness. Apart from an initial assessment on admission the client had recently undergone a KGVM assessment by the Psychology department, and was awaiting the results. The Environment The ward on which the client is based is a twenty-one bedded all male acute psychiatric unit converted some years previously from its initial function as a ward for the elderly. It consists of three dormitories- two six bedded and one seven, and two single bedded side-rooms, primarily used by clients who are deemed most unwell. The dormitories and side-rooms occupy three sides of a wide communal area which also doubles as the dining room. A television room and smoking lounge complete the picture along with a small quiet room for therapeutic usage. Along with the physical environment it is also important to understand the milieu or social surroundings that impact on staff and clients alike. The unit in question has a full complement of staff of varying degrees of experience from D to H grades. The clients themselves also have a mix of illnesses, bi-polar disorder, depression, personality disorder and schizophrenia. The atmosphere is generally pleasant and clients are allowed the freedom to express themselves openly within certain boundaries concerning safety, both their own and that of others. I shall discuss the environment and its possible impact on therapy more fully in the section on evaluation. Assessment During this section of the assignment I shall be addressing the following: What is assessment and what is its purpose? How do we assess and what tools do we use? I shall then provide evidence of a comprehensive mental health assessment of a client in practice before prioritising and highlighting a specific need and giving my rationale for this. Due to constrictions of space I have not gone too deeply into the evidence base behind the formal assessment tools used in practice. I am however fully aware of the importance of a tool being valid and reliable in order for it to be of any real use. The client had already undergone a complete bio/psycho/social assessment on admission and his physical health in particular was being closely monitored due to the possible unpleasant side-effects of Clozapine i. e. a destruction of white blood cells resulting in possible death. As a matter of Trust policy all clients on the unit undergo a weekly risk assessment review along with continuing informal daily assessment and as such I have concentrated almost exclusively in this section on the psychological and social aspects affecting the clients condition. What then, is assessment? Mosbys Nurses Pocket Dictionary defines it as 1. An appraisal or judgement made about a particular situation or circumstances. A stage of the nursing process involving the collection of information and data relating to patients and their healthcare needs. 2. A test of measurement or competence (Mosby 2002,p. 31). Thompson and Mathias (2000) confirm this definition and add that assessment must not be seen as just the initial stage of a process but should be an ongoing and integral part of its entirety. Fortinash and Holoday Worret (2003) see assessment as the means by which the nurse gathers the relevant information from a myriad of sources. The most important source of all being the client themselves (Wilson Kneisl, 1996). Why though, do we assess? The purpose of assessment is manifold but is essentially undertaken to identify risk and highlight general problem areas in order to provide a platform for possible future intervention (Hinchliff et al, 1998). Assessment should be comprehensive and cover the biological, psychological and social spheres of an individuals life. Apart from identifying negative areas such as problem and risk, a good assessment should also highlight a clients strengths and motivation. This knowledge is of particular importance when applying cognitive and behavioural interventions (Thompson Mathias, 2000). The therapist can utilise the clients strengths to motivate them and increase their self-worth. Ultimately, assessment allows us to determine appropriate intervention strategies to meet the clients needs and provide a baseline against which future assessment may be gauged (Wilson Kneisl, 1996). Perhaps a more cynical but nevertheless very real reason for assessing clients is that the nurse is obligated to. Mental Health Trusts unquestionably view assessment as a legal requirement, and at all costs wish to avoid any litigation. The government through the NHS have also emphasised the importance of assessment in Mental Health services. Consequently, assessment forms an integral part of Standards four and five of the National Service Framework: Mental Health (1999), that deals with people with severe mental illness. How then do we assess? There are a number of ways in which the nurse may assess the client. Formal assessment tools are widely used and can range from a Trusts and wide in scope admission form to more specific and highly detailed tools which may only cover a particular symptom or aspect of a clients illness e. g. PSYRATS Psychotic Rating Symptom Scale (Haddock et al 1999), which focuses on the delusions and hallucinations of people experiencing psychosis. Why use these standardised assessment tools? Apart from the more general reasons for assessment outlined above standardised tools provide additional aid to those connected with the process. Thompson and Mathias (2000) state that assessment tools may be used for a variety of reasons and it is important for both the nurse and client to be aware of there usage in order to make the process effective. Apart from clinical audit and quality monitoring the tools can also be useful in the collection of research data and as a focal point for therapeutic interaction, providing the client and members of the MDT with a base reference useful to both (Thompson Mathias 2000). Assessment tools provide a structure for both questioning/interviews for the nurse and the client. This can often be helpful where difficult or awkward questions may be embarrassing for either the client or nurse e. g. questions around the issue of sexuality. Also the fact that the questions are written down gives the client some indication that this is standard procedure and not something personalised (Fortinash Holoday Worret 2003). On an equally practicable level standardised tools also assist the nurse by acting as a reminder to ask all the relevant questions, some of which, if there are many, they might otherwise forget. The omission of an important question at this stage of a clients care could have serious ramifications further down the line when an intervention package is being formulated (Wilson Kneisl 1996). Formal interviews are another useful method of assessment. This type of interview usually takes place when the client is first admitted to the unit and is comprehensively broad in scope. Hinchliff et al (1998) claims that the inherent flexibility of this type of assessment is more meaningful and useful to both the client and nurse than is often the case with standardised tools. Through the therapeutic use of self and interpersonal techniques the nurse may be able to encourage the client to discuss areas that a more formal tool might miss. An equally important area of assessment is the constant day-to-day, minute-by-minute assessment that takes place on an informal basis. This includes such things as simply observing the client, their posture, gait, speech etc, but always in an unobtrusive manner so as to respect the clients privacy.